The following sample code how to load a group product by object manager and get all child products (associated simple products) as an array.
$product_id = $_product->getId();
$groupedProduct = $objectManager->create('Magento\Catalog\Model\Product')->load($product_id);
$_children=$groupedProduct->getTypeInstance()->getAssociatedProducts($groupedProduct);
if(count($_children)>0){
foreach ($_children as $child){
echo "Here are your child Product Ids ".$child->getID()."\n";
}
}